![]() The four possible answers are “defensive”, meaning the bandit is in my rear hemisphere, “neutral”, meaning the bandit is on my lift vector arc, “offensive”, meaning the bandit is in my forward hemisphere and “clear”, meaning I am not engaged with a bandit. When asked for your “status” by your wingman, you answer according to bandit position according to the above. A bandit on the lift vector arc is “neutral”. The hemisphere behind your 3-9 line is the defensive, the one in front in the offensive. Your 3-9/lift vector arc bifurcates that sphere into two hemispheres. Where the bandit is on the sphere determines your “status”. Imagine your aircraft in the center of a sphere as large as the distance from your aircraft to the bandit. If you imagine an arc connecting the 3-9 line with the lift vector, you will create a visual representation of the complete lift vector and have an easy visual reference for the offensive and defensive hemispheres. The 3-9 line extends through your wingtips into space. The left wing at 9 o’clock and the right wing at 3 o’clock. When you look straight up when seated in the cockpit, you are looking at the direction of the lift vector. Imagine an arrow from your cockpit seat extending upwards out the top of the canopy. For our purposes it is considered to be perpendicular to the velocity vector. The lift vector is the direction of lift. The second term we need is the lift vector. Normally this is termed the Flight Path marker or something similar. Modern aircraft actually display the velocity vector on the Heads Up Display (HUD). Where the sight points is our velocity vector. From the pilot seat, we have a very convenient aid in determining velocity vector, the gun sight. This is not exactly correct, as there is a difference between nose position and velocity vector (angle of attack) but for the purposes of air combat we will use where the nose is pointed as a rough approximation of velocity vector. Essentially, it is where our nose is pointed. So the velocity vector is the direction of our velocity or speed in three dimensions. In this paper, an unmanned combat air vehicle air combat maneuver decision method based on a proximal policy optimization algorithm (PPO) is proposed. In physics, a vector is a quantity that also has a direction. Autonomous maneuver decision by an unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) is a critical part of air combat that requires both flight safety and tactical maneuvering. We need to introduce some terminology used to explain basic fighter maneuvers.
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